ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺳﺨﻨﺖ ﺟﺴﻤﺎ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ
ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ : ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻔﻘﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ
ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ : ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ 1 ﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ 1 ﻩ ﺱ
ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ :
ﺃ - ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ( ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻱ )
ﺏ - ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ( ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻱ )
ﺝ - ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ( ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ) ( ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺔ )
ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ : ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ 1 ﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ 1 ﺱ
ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺳﻌﺮ / ﻏﻢ ﺱ
ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ : ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻛﻠﻪ 1 ﺱ .
ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ = ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ × ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ × ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ
ﻙ . ﺡ = ﻙ × ﺡ ﻥ × ( ﺩ 2 – ﺩ 1 )
ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ = ﻙ × ﺡ ﻥ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ 1 : ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ 50 ﺟﻢ ﺗﻢ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺄﺱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ 20 ﺱ ﺛﻢ ﺳﺨﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ 100 ﺱ ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ ( ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺣﻦ ﻟﻸﻟﻤﻨﻴﻮﻡ 0.21 ﺳﻌﺮ / ﺟﻢ ﺱ؟
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ 2 : ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺭﺻﺎﺹ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ 200 ﺟﻢ ﻭﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ 0.03 ﺳﻌﺮ / ﺟﻢ ﺱ؟
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ 3 : ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ 300 ﺟﻢ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ 30 ﺱ ﺳﺨﻨﺖ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ 90 ﺱ
( ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺪ 0.12 ﺳﻌﺮ / ﺟﻢ ﺱ ) ﺍﺣﺴﺐ :
-1 ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ؟
2 - ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ؟
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ 4 : ﻛﺄﺱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ 500 ﺟﻢ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ 90 ﺱ ﺗﺮﻙ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺩ ﻓﺎﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ 30 ﺱ ( ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺡ ﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ = 1 ﺳﻌﺮ / ﺟﻢ ﺱ ) ، ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﻘﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ؟
ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ
ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﺟﺴﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺩﺭﺟﺘﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ
ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ : ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺩﺭﺟﺘﻲ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻴﻬﻤﺎ .
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﺎﻥ :
ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ = ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ
ﻙ × ﺡ ﻥ × ( ﺩ 2 ــ ﺩ 1 ) = ﻙ × ﺡ ﻥ × ( ﺩ 2 ــ ﺩ 1 )
ﺳﺆﺍﻝ :
ﻛﺄﺱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ 800 ﺟﻢ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ 90 ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺱ ﻭﻛﺄﺱ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ 400 ﺟﻢ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ 30 ﻩ ﺱ، ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ( 10 ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﺜﻼ ) ؟ . ( ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ = 1 ﺳﻌﺮ / ﺟﻢ . ﻩ ﺱ